Safety and Security in the United States: A Traveler’s Advisory
The United States, a land of diverse landscapes and vibrant cities, attracts millions of tourists each year. While generally safe, it’s crucial for travelers to be informed about potential risks and take necessary precautions to ensure a secure and enjoyable trip. This American Travel Advisory provides a detailed overview of safety and security concerns across the USA, offering guidance for a worry-free travel experience.
Understanding Risk Levels in the USA
Generally, the United States maintains a standard level of security. However, it is always advised to take normal security precautions throughout your travels within the country. Being aware and informed is the first step towards a safe journey.
Border Security and Mexico
Areas bordering Mexico, particularly in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, experience elevated criminal activity linked to drug trafficking.
Precautions for U.S.– Mexico Border Travel by Car:
- Exercise extreme vigilance in border regions.
- Utilize official border crossings exclusively.
- Avoid nighttime travel near the border.
Crime and Personal Safety
Petty Crime in Urban and Tourist Areas
Petty theft, including pickpocketing and purse snatching, is a concern, especially in bustling urban centers and popular tourist destinations.
Protecting Against Petty Crime:
- Never leave bags or valuables unattended, especially in parked vehicles (including rental cars) and even in trunks.
- Keep your belongings secure at all times, including passports and travel documents. Consider using a travel belt or secure bag.
Violent Crime in Metropolitan Areas
While statistically tourists are rarely victims, violent crime is more prevalent in impoverished neighborhoods within major cities, particularly during the hours of dusk till dawn. Intoxication often plays a role in these incidents. Gangs and organized crime groups are often involved, although lone individuals can also be perpetrators.
Staying Safe from Violent Crime:
- Maintain heightened awareness of your surroundings at all times, especially in unfamiliar areas.
- Consult official neighborhood crime statistics (like the FBI’s Crime Data Explorer) before venturing out, particularly at night.
- If confronted by robbers, remain calm and do not resist. Your safety is paramount.
Gun Violence: A Specific American Concern
The United States has a high rate of firearm ownership. Open carry of firearms is legal for citizens in many states. Mass shootings, unfortunately, occur and frequently result in casualties. While tourists are seldom directly involved, the risk of being caught in an active shooter situation, though low, exists.
Preparing for Potential Gun Violence:
- Familiarize yourself with active shooter response protocols. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency offers a helpful Active Shooter Event Quick Reference Guide. Knowing how to react can significantly increase your safety.
Home Break-ins: Protecting Holiday Homes
Canadians and other international visitors owning holiday homes in the US have unfortunately experienced break-ins and burglaries.
Securing Your Vacation Home:
- Ensure all windows and doors are securely locked every night and whenever you leave the property. Consider installing a security system for added protection.
Common Criminal Tactics Targeting Travelers
Be aware of robbery schemes specifically designed to target tourists. Some criminals operating on highways, especially near airports and tourist hotspots, may try to flag down vehicles, feigning vehicle trouble. They wait for drivers to pull over to then steal exposed valuables. Another tactic involves throwing objects at windshields to force drivers to stop.
Responding to Highway Robbery Ploys:
- Avoid stopping on the side of the road if you suspect a ploy.
- Activate your hazard lights and slowly drive to a secure, populated location such as a gas station or police station.
Public Demonstrations
Demonstrations can occur and may become violent unexpectedly, even if initially peaceful. They can also disrupt traffic and public transport significantly.
Navigating Demonstrations:
- Avoid areas where demonstrations or large gatherings are taking place.
- Follow instructions from local authorities if you encounter a demonstration.
- Monitor local media for updates on any ongoing demonstrations. Mass gatherings can pose risks, as detailed in travel advisories concerning large-scale events.
Fraud and Financial Security
Credit card and ATM fraud, including sophisticated debit card cloning, is a concern.
Protecting Yourself from Financial Fraud:
- Pay close attention when your cards are being handled by others, especially in restaurants and shops.
- Use ATMs located in well-lit, public areas or inside reputable banks or businesses. Avoid standalone ATMs in dimly lit or isolated locations.
- Be wary of card readers with unusual features. Look for any signs of tampering.
- Shield the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN at ATMs and point-of-sale terminals.
- Regularly check your account statements for any unauthorized transactions. Report any suspicious activity immediately to your bank. For more information on financial fraud, consult resources on overseas fraud.
Terrorism Threats
A persistent threat of terrorism exists in the United States. Terrorist attacks can occur at any time and may target a variety of locations.
Potential Terrorist Targets:
- Government buildings and facilities, including schools.
- Places of worship.
- Airports, transportation hubs, and networks (subways, train stations).
- Public areas: tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centers, markets, and hotels.
Staying Vigilant Against Terrorism:
- Always be aware of your surroundings in public places.
- The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) operates the National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) to disseminate information about terrorist threats. Stay informed by checking NTAS alerts.
Safety in Hiking and Mountaineering
For those planning outdoor adventures like hiking, backpacking, or skiing, safety is paramount.
Safety Guidelines for Hiking and Mountaineering:
- Never engage in these activities alone. Always hike or climb with a partner or group.
- Hire an experienced guide from a reputable company, especially for challenging routes or backcountry excursions.
- Purchase comprehensive travel insurance that specifically covers helicopter rescue and medical evacuation, essential for remote areas.
- Obtain detailed information on hiking routes or ski slopes before setting out. Stay on marked trails and slopes. Avoid venturing off-piste or into unmarked wilderness areas.
- Ensure you are physically fit for the planned activity. Acclimatize to altitude gradually if hiking in mountainous regions.
- Be properly equipped with appropriate gear for the weather and terrain.
- Stay informed about weather conditions and potential hazards. Mountain weather can change rapidly.
- Inform a family member or friend of your detailed itinerary, including expected return time.
- Learn the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, which can be fatal if not recognized and treated promptly.
Air Travel Safety
While this advisory doesn’t assess the compliance of US domestic airlines with international safety standards, it’s generally accepted that air travel within the US is highly regulated and safe. For more general information on air travel safety, refer to resources about foreign domestic airlines.
Entry and Exit Requirements for the United States
Entry and exit regulations are determined by each country. It’s crucial to understand and meet the US entry requirements, as the Government of your home country cannot intervene if you are denied entry. Information provided here is based on US authority guidelines but can change. Always verify the most current information with Foreign Representatives in Canada or the US embassy in your country before travel.
Passport Requirements
Proof of citizenship is mandatory for entry into the U.S. for all travelers.
Air Travel Passport Requirements
For air travel to the United States, Canadian citizens (and generally citizens of most countries) must present:
- A valid passport, valid for the entire duration of your stay in the US.
- A valid NEXUS card (for eligible travelers), usable at self-serve kiosks at designated airports.
These requirements apply to all air travelers, including children and those transiting through the US.
Land and Water Travel Passport Requirements
Under the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), for entry into the United States by land or water, citizens aged 16 and older need to present:
- A valid passport.
- A Trusted Traveler Program card (NEXUS, SENTRI, FAST).
- An Enhanced Driver’s License (EDL) or Enhanced Identification Card (EIC) from participating provinces or territories.
- A Secure Certificate of Indian Status.
These WHTI-compliant documents must be valid for the duration of your US stay.
For citizens aged 15 and under entering by land or water, acceptable documents include:
- A passport.
- An original or copy of a birth certificate.
- An original Canadian citizenship certificate.
Other Important Travel Documents
Rules may differ for those traveling with temporary or emergency passports. Always verify with the nearest US diplomatic mission before your trip.
Additional Border Information
Customs officials may request your US address (including Puerto Rico). Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers can also ask for:
- Evidence of residential, employment, or educational ties to your home country.
- Proof of legitimate trip purpose and reasonable trip length.
- Proof of sufficient funds to cover your stay in the US.
Dual Citizenship Considerations
While not formally required, dual nationals (e.g., holding both US and another citizenship) are advised to carry both passports. This can facilitate entry into the US and return to your other country of citizenship.
Visa Information
Generally, visitors can stay in the US for up to 6 months without a visa under the Visa Waiver Program or with a B-2 tourist visa. You must declare your intended length of stay upon arrival.
Canadian citizens typically do not need visitor, business, or transit visas for entry from Canada, but exceptions exist. Check Canadians Requiring Visas from the U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Canada for details.
Permanent Residents and Visa Requirements
Canadian permanent residents may require a non-immigrant visa to enter the US. Obtain this visa from US authorities before traveling. A valid passport from your country of citizenship is also required. See Cross U.S. Borders for more information.
Visa Waiver Program (VWP)
Citizens of countries in the Visa Waiver Program can enter the US for up to 90 days without a visa. Pre-travel authorization via the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) is required prior to departure.
U.S. Permanent Residents
Canadians who are US permanent residents must present a valid U.S. Permanent Resident Card (Green Card) for entry. Refer to International travel as a U.S. Permanent Resident for details.
First Nations and Native Americans Born in Canada
Members of Canada’s First Nations and Native Americans born in Canada have special provisions allowing free entry into the United States for employment, study, retirement, investment, or immigration purposes.
Working and Studying in the United States
Most business travelers may enter the US without a visa. However, some business categories require specific documentation to prove eligibility. If you plan to work in the US, contact the nearest US embassy or consulate for requirements.
Canadian citizens generally do not need visas for studying or student exchange programs in the US. However, registration with the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) is mandatory. Students must present their SEVIS registration form to CBP officers upon each US entry.
Length of Stay and Extensions
For stays exceeding 6 months, apply for an extension from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) within the US before your authorized stay expires. Immigration officers may require proof that you are a temporary visitor. Overstaying your authorized period can lead to severe consequences, including detention and deportation.
While there’s no fixed waiting period to re-enter the US after an authorized stay, CBP officers may scrutinize travelers spending extended periods in the US. You must be able to prove to the officer that you are a temporary visitor, not attempting to reside in the US. Learn more about extending your stay.
Biometrics at Entry
Non-US citizens are generally required to provide biometrics (digital fingerprints and photograph) upon US entry. Most citizens are exempt, but biometrics may be required for those needing a visa, a waiver of ineligibility, or an I-94 Arrival/Departure Record form. Random screenings of exempt individuals can occur. If you believe your information was wrongfully collected, address it with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Electronic Device Inspections
US border agents have the authority to search electronic devices (phones, computers, tablets) upon entry. They are not required to provide a reason for requesting device passwords. Refusal can lead to device seizure, travel delays, or denial of entry for non-US citizens. Before crossing, setting devices to airplane mode is advisable to prevent accidental file downloads. See Inspection of Electronic Devices for more details.
Preclearance Facilities
Preclearance at Canadian airports allows travelers to complete US entry procedures before departure, avoiding arrival processing in the US. When using preclearance, you are subject to US entry requirements and interviewed by a US preclearance officer who can inspect luggage and deny US entry. Making false statements to a preclearance officer is an offense under Canadian law. While in preclearance areas, Canadian law applies, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. You can withdraw your US entry request and leave the preclearance area unless an officer suspects false statements or obstruction, in which case detention under Canadian law is possible. Preclearance Locations are listed on the CBP website.
Criminal Record and Entry
A criminal record, regardless of severity or age, can result in denial of entry to the United States. Past successful entries do not guarantee future entry. Even a Canadian pardon is not recognized under US law for entry purposes. Applying for a temporary waiver of inadmissibility via a US embassy or consulate is possible if you are ineligible. Attempting entry without a waiver can lead to detention and a permanent US entry ban.
Cannabis and Border Crossing
Despite cannabis legalization in some US states, it remains federally illegal. Crossing the Canada-US border with any amount of cannabis is illegal and can result in legal prosecution, fines, and potential jail time, even if traveling to a state where cannabis is legal.
Boating in U.S. Waters
Operators of small pleasure vessels arriving from foreign ports must report to U.S. Customs and Border Protection immediately for inspection at a designated reporting location. Exceptions, such as Nexus Marine, may apply. See Pleasure Boat Reporting Requirements for details.
Cruises Departing from the U.S.
A valid passport is essential for cruises departing from the United States. Passports may be required for entry into visited countries and for re-entry into the US at the cruise end. Ship authorities may retain passports during the cruise for administrative purposes. If your passport is held, obtain a receipt, ensure its return at cruise end, and keep a photocopy with you.
Pet Travel
Pets must appear healthy upon arrival at a US port of entry. Evidence of poor health can lead to examination/testing at your expense or denial of entry. Additional requirements may include import permits, health/export certificates, and proof of vaccinations (e.g., rabies). Quarantine may also be imposed.
Traveling with Children
Canadian citizens under 19 traveling with school or organized groups under adult supervision must have written consent from a parent or guardian.
Yellow Fever Entry Requirements
Refer to the health section for information regarding potential yellow fever vaccine entry requirements.
Health and Wellness in the USA
Travel Health Notices
This section outlines potential health risks and ongoing health concerns in the United States. Follow this advice to minimize your risk of illness. Consult a healthcare professional or travel health clinic ideally 6 weeks before travel for personalized health advice.
Routine Vaccinations
Ensure your routine vaccinations, as per your regional guidelines, are current before traveling, regardless of destination. These include MMR, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella, influenza, and others.
Pre-Travel Vaccines and Medications
You may be at risk for preventable diseases. Discuss necessary vaccinations or medications with a travel health professional based on your itinerary.
Yellow Fever:
- Risk: No yellow fever risk in the USA.
- Entry Requirement: No proof of vaccination required for entry.
- Recommendation: Vaccination not recommended.
Measles:
- Measles is highly contagious. Ensure you are fully protected before international travel. Consult a healthcare professional.
Hepatitis B:
- Hepatitis B risk exists everywhere. Vaccination is recommended for all travelers due to potential exposure to blood and body fluids. Practice safe sex, use sterile equipment, and ensure safe tattooing/piercing practices.
Influenza (Flu):
- Annual influenza vaccination is the best protection. Get vaccinated at least 2 weeks before travel. Flu occurs year-round globally, with seasonal patterns in hemispheres. Flu viruses spread through coughs, sneezes, and contaminated surfaces. Practice good hand hygiene and wear a mask if symptomatic.
COVID-19:
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains a global concern. Complete a COVID-19 vaccine series and recommended boosters before travel. Vaccination significantly reduces severe illness. Verify destination-specific COVID-19 requirements. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Rabies:
- Rabies is present in some US wildlife, including bats. Rabies is fatal and spread through bites/scratches. Wash wounds immediately and seek medical attention if bitten. Rabies pre-exposure vaccination may be recommended for those working with wildlife.
Safe Food and Water Practices
Many illnesses are food and waterborne.
- Follow food and water precautions: “Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!”
- Avoid water contact with eyes, mouth, and nose during freshwater activities, especially after floods or heavy rain.
- Avoid swallowing water while bathing/showering/swimming.
Insect Bite Prevention
Insects spread numerous diseases.
- Use insect repellent on exposed skin.
- Wear light-colored, loose, tightly woven clothing.
- Minimize insect exposure.
- Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in non-enclosed buildings.
Zika Virus:
- Zika virus risk exists in some US areas. Primarily mosquito-borne, also sexually transmitted. Causes serious birth defects. Check CDC Areas at Risk for Zika for latest information. Prevent mosquito bites and practice safe sex, especially if pregnant or planning pregnancy.
Dengue:
- Dengue risk is sporadic in the US. Dengue is mosquito-borne, causing flu-like symptoms, and potentially severe dengue. Risk level varies seasonally and regionally. Mosquitoes bite during daytime, especially around sunrise/sunset. Prevent mosquito bites; no dengue vaccine available.
Animal Precautions
Animal-to-human infections exist. Avoid animal contact, especially in rural/forested areas, markets, or caves. Supervise children closely.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu):
- Human cases reported in the US. Avian influenza spreads easily among birds, rarely to humans. Risk is low for most travelers. Avoid contact with birds (wild, farm, backyard, alive or dead) and bird droppings. Cook poultry and eggs thoroughly. Higher risk for those visiting live animal markets, poultry farms, or working with birds.
Person-to-Person Infections
Stay home if sick. Practice cough and sneeze etiquette. Reduce infection risk by handwashing, avoiding crowded spaces/large events, and limiting contact with symptomatic individuals. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, and mpox spread through bodily fluids; practice safe sex. Check with local health authorities about mpox vaccine eligibility.
Medical Services and Facilities
Healthcare is generally excellent and widely available but expensive. Emergency care must be provided regardless of ability to pay, but all services are charged. Travel health insurance covering medical evacuation and hospital stays is crucial. Refer to Health and safety outside Canada for more information.
Medication Regulations
Import of certain prescription drugs is restricted in the US. Some over-the-counter Canadian medications require prescriptions in the US. Bring sufficient medication, a physician’s note explaining your condition, and prescriptions.
Traveler Responsibility
Travel decisions and personal safety are your responsibility. Medical services may differ from your home country. Pack a travel health kit, especially for travel outside major cities.
Laws and Culture in the United States
Adhere to local laws. Learn about assistance if arrested or detained abroad. Laws vary significantly by state; consult state websites before visiting.
Penalties and Transfer of Offenders
Serious law violations can result in jail sentences or even the death penalty in some states. Citizenship provides no special immunity. Jail sentences are served in US prisons unless transfer to your home country is approved by both the US and your country under treaty agreements.
Drug Laws and Cannabis
Penalties for drug possession, use, or trafficking are severe, including lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines. Despite state-level cannabis legalization, it remains federally illegal. Do not cross the US border with cannabis in any form. Prosecution, fines, and jail time can result.
Prescription Medication Regulations
Personal medication imports are subject to US drug laws. Generally, a 90-day supply is allowed. US Customs and Border Protection has discretion regarding medication entry. When carrying prescription medication:
- Take only the quantity needed for your stay plus one week extra.
- Keep medication in original packaging with dispensary labels showing your name, drug name, dosage, and drug identification number (DIN).
- Carry a duplicate prescription listing generic and trade names.
- Have a physician’s note explaining your condition and need for syringes, if applicable. See Prohibited and restricted items for more details.
2SLGBTQI+ Travelers
Some states have laws and policies impacting 2SLGBTQI+ individuals. Check relevant state and local laws before traveling. Refer to Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics for general advice.
Dual Citizenship Considerations
Dual citizenship is legally recognized in the US. Consular assistance for dual citizens may be limited. Entry/exit requirements may also differ.
International Child Abduction
The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction applies between the US and many countries. If your child is wrongfully taken to or held in the US, act quickly. Contact your country’s Central Authority for Hague Convention application information and consult lawyers in both countries. Report the situation to your nearest government office abroad or your country’s relevant consular unit. Consular officials cannot intervene in private legal matters.
Expedited Removal
U.S. Customs and Border Protection can bar non-citizens for five years for presenting false documentation or misrepresentation. Lying to customs officials is a serious offense. No formal appeal exists for expedited removal, but supervisory review can be requested from the USCIS district director at the port of entry. Find a USCIS office if needed.
Imports and Exports Regulations
Contact the specific U.S. Customs and Border Protection office at your intended Canada/U.S. border crossing before traveling for current import/export allowances and restrictions, as these change frequently. Declare all items at entry points. Contact information for USCBP is available online.
Travel to Cuba from the United States
US sanctions restrict US-Cuba travel. Tourist travel is prohibited, but travel for specific purposes meeting certain requirements may be permitted. See Cuba sanctions for details.
Driving Regulations
A valid driver’s license from your country is generally accepted in the US. Traffic laws vary by state.
Automobile Insurance Requirements
Many states mandate auto insurance and require proof of insurance. State motor vehicle departments provide specific details. For driving to Mexico from the US in your own vehicle, liability and additional auto insurance may be required.
Hitchhiking Risks
Never cross borders with hitchhikers or as a hitchhiker. You could be implicated in illegal activities even if unaware. Be cautious about vehicle passengers and contents, as drivers can be held responsible for passenger actions and belongings.
Currency and Money Matters
The US currency is the U.S. dollar (USD). Your country’s currency and personal checks are not widely accepted. Most banking requires a US bank account. No limit exists on legally bringing money into or out of the US, but declaring amounts over US$10,000 (cash, checks, money orders, traveler’s checks, convertible assets) is mandatory to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Failure to declare can lead to penalties, including currency seizure.
Natural Disasters and Climate Considerations
Wildfires and Air Quality
Bush and forest fires are common, especially in summer months, posing a risk across much of the US. Wildfires can occur year-round, most common during dry, hot periods. Air quality can deteriorate significantly near fires due to smoke.
Safety During Wildfires:
- Stay away from affected areas, especially if you have respiratory issues.
- Follow instructions from emergency services, including evacuation orders.
- Monitor local media for updates.
Alt text: A family wearing masks standing in front of their house with smoke in the background, illustrating wildfire preparedness.
Climate Change Impacts
Climate change increasingly affects the US, leading to more frequent extreme weather events that can disrupt travel plans. Monitor local media for updates.
Hurricane Season
Hurricanes are common:
- Eastern Pacific (Hawaii, Guam): May to November.
- Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico: June to November.
Hurricanes pose serious safety risks and disrupt essential services.
Hurricane Season Travel Precautions:
- Understand serious safety risks.
- Be ready to change travel plans quickly, including cancellation.
- Stay informed of weather forecasts.
- Carry airline/tour operator emergency contacts.
- Follow local authority advice.
Flooding and Landslides
Heavy rains can cause flooding and landslides, making roads impassable and damaging infrastructure. Exercise caution near rivers. Stay informed of weather forecasts and follow evacuation orders.
Earthquakes
Earthquake risk is present in: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Washington State. Familiarize yourself with earthquake emergency procedures if traveling to these states.
Heat and Humidity
Heat and humidity are most severe during June-September, especially in the South and Southwest. Learn dehydration and heatstroke symptoms, both potentially fatal.
Tornadoes
Tornadoes pose a risk across much of the US, especially in central, mid-west, and southern states. Tornadoes can occur with little warning. Monitor news and weather reports and follow local authority instructions.
Volcanoes
Active volcanoes exist in the US. Volcanic eruptions can disrupt air travel and worsen air quality, especially for those with respiratory issues. Monitor local media, follow evacuation orders, and be prepared to change travel plans quickly.
Tsunamis
Hawaii is prone to tsunamis, often triggered by nearby earthquakes. Tsunami risk can persist for hours after a tremor. If staying on the coast, learn local tsunami evacuation plans. Tsunami Evacuation Zones information is available from the Government of Hawaii.
This American travel advisory aims to provide comprehensive information for safe travel in the USA. By staying informed and prepared, you can mitigate risks and enjoy your journey with greater peace of mind.
