How Much is the Travel Tax From Philippines to USA?

Are you planning a trip from the Philippines to the USA and wondering about the travel tax implications? Travels.edu.vn understands that navigating international travel regulations can be confusing. Let’s clarify the travel tax, its potential costs, and how you can make your journey smoother. Understanding these travel costs, including potential exemptions and refunds, will help you plan your trip more effectively.

1. Understanding the Philippine Travel Tax

The Philippine Travel Tax is a fee levied by the Philippine government on citizens and residents traveling internationally. This tax contributes to the development and promotion of the Philippine tourism industry. Knowing the ins and outs of this tax is crucial for anyone planning a trip abroad.

1.1 Who Needs to Pay the Philippine Travel Tax?

Generally, Filipino citizens, permanent resident aliens, and foreign tourists who have stayed in the Philippines for more than one year are required to pay the travel tax. This applies regardless of the purpose of travel, whether it’s for leisure, business, or education. However, there are certain exemptions and reduced rates available, which we’ll discuss later.

1.2 How Much is the Standard Travel Tax?

The travel tax rates vary depending on the class of travel and destination. As of the latest updates, here are the standard rates:

  • First Class: PHP 2,700 (approximately $48 USD)
  • Economy Class: PHP 1,620 (approximately $29 USD)

These rates are subject to change, so it’s always best to verify with the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) or your airline before your trip.

1.3 Understanding Reduced Travel Tax Rates

Certain individuals are eligible for reduced travel tax rates. These include:

  • Dependents of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs): PHP 810 (approximately $14.50 USD)
  • Balikbayans (Returning Filipinos): Subject to certain conditions, may be eligible for a reduced rate.

To qualify for the reduced rate, you need to present the necessary documentation, such as an OFW dependent ID or proof of Balikbayan status.

1.4 Travel Tax Exemptions: Who Doesn’t Need to Pay?

Several groups are exempt from paying the Philippine Travel Tax. These include:

  • Infants: Children aged two years and below.
  • Government Employees on Official Business: Traveling on official government duties.
  • Diplomats and their Dependents: Accredited foreign diplomats and their families.
  • Airline Crew Members: On duty.
  • Philippine passport holders permanently residing abroad (presenting valid residency documents).

To claim an exemption, you must present valid identification and supporting documents to the TIEZA representative at the airport.

1.5 Paying the Travel Tax: Onsite and Online Options

The travel tax can be paid either at the airport before departure or online through the TIEZA website. Paying online can save you time and hassle at the airport.

1.5.1 Onsite Payment

If paying onsite, head to the TIEZA counter at the airport before checking in your luggage. Be prepared to present your passport, airline ticket, and any documents needed for exemptions or reduced rates.

1.5.2 Online Payment

To pay online:

  1. Visit the official TIEZA website.
  2. Navigate to the travel tax payment section.
  3. Fill out the required information.
  4. Pay using a credit card or other accepted online payment methods.
  5. Print the payment confirmation to present at the airport.

1.6 Refunds of Travel Tax

In some cases, you may be eligible for a travel tax refund. This could be due to unused tickets or changes in travel plans. To claim a refund, you need to apply to TIEZA and provide the necessary documentation, such as your original ticket and proof of payment.

2. Additional Fees and Taxes to Consider for US Travel

While the Philippine Travel Tax covers your departure from the Philippines, you should also be aware of potential fees and taxes when entering the United States. These can include:

  • US Customs and Border Protection Fees: These fees support the operations of US Customs and Border Protection.
  • Immigration Fees: Fees related to immigration processing and security.
  • Airport Taxes and Fees: Charges levied by US airports to cover operational costs.

These fees are usually included in the price of your airline ticket, but it’s always a good idea to check the breakdown of costs when booking.

3. Planning Your Trip to Napa Valley: A Seamless Experience with TRAVELS.EDU.VN

Now that we’ve covered the Philippine Travel Tax and potential US entry fees, let’s talk about planning your dream trip to Napa Valley. Napa Valley, with its rolling vineyards, world-class wineries, and stunning landscapes, is a must-visit destination. However, planning a trip can be overwhelming. That’s where TRAVELS.EDU.VN comes in.

3.1 Napa Valley: A Destination Worth the Journey

Napa Valley is renowned for its exquisite wines, gourmet cuisine, and luxurious accommodations. Whether you’re a wine connoisseur, a foodie, or simply looking for a relaxing getaway, Napa Valley has something for everyone. From wine tasting tours and vineyard visits to hot air balloon rides and spa treatments, the possibilities are endless.

3.2 Why Choose TRAVELS.EDU.VN for Your Napa Valley Trip?

TRAVELS.EDU.VN specializes in creating unforgettable travel experiences. We offer a range of services to make your trip to Napa Valley seamless and stress-free. Here’s why you should choose us:

  • Customized Itineraries: We tailor your trip to your specific interests and preferences.
  • Exclusive Access: Gain access to exclusive wineries and experiences not available to the general public.
  • Expert Guidance: Our travel experts provide insider tips and recommendations.
  • Hassle-Free Planning: We take care of all the details, from flights and accommodations to transportation and activities.

3.3 Building an Effective Travel Plan to Napa Valley

A well-structured travel plan is essential for a smooth and enjoyable trip. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you plan your Napa Valley adventure.

3.3.1 Determine Your Travel Dates and Duration

Consider the best time to visit Napa Valley. The peak season is typically from May to October, when the weather is warm and the vineyards are lush. However, this is also the busiest time, so expect higher prices and larger crowds. Shoulder seasons (spring and fall) offer pleasant weather and fewer tourists. Decide how long you want to stay, keeping in mind that a minimum of three to four days is recommended to fully experience the region.

3.3.2 Set a Budget

Napa Valley can be an expensive destination, so it’s important to set a budget. Consider the following expenses:

  • Flights: Round-trip airfare from the Philippines to the US can range from $800 to $1500 or more, depending on the time of year and booking class.
  • Accommodations: Hotel rates in Napa Valley range from $200 to $500+ per night.
  • Transportation: Car rentals are essential for exploring the region, with daily rates ranging from $50 to $100.
  • Activities: Wine tasting fees, tours, and meals can add up quickly. Budget accordingly.
  • Food: Expect to spend $50 to $100+ per person per day on food.
  • Travel Tax: The Philippine travel tax is $48 USD for first class and $29 USD for economy class.

3.3.3 Research Flights and Accommodations

Start researching flights and accommodations early to get the best deals. Look for flights to San Francisco International Airport (SFO) or Oakland International Airport (OAK), which are the closest major airports to Napa Valley. Consider staying in towns like Napa, Yountville, or St. Helena, depending on your preferences and budget.

3.3.4 Plan Your Itinerary

Create a detailed itinerary that includes the wineries you want to visit, the activities you want to do, and the restaurants you want to dine at. Prioritize your must-see attractions and leave room for spontaneity.

3.3.5 Bookings: Hotels, Wineries, and Restaurants

Advance bookings are highly recommended, especially during the peak season. Book your hotel, winery tours, and restaurant reservations well in advance to avoid disappointment.

3.4 Curated Napa Valley Experiences with TRAVELS.EDU.VN

Let TRAVELS.EDU.VN take the stress out of planning your Napa Valley trip. We offer curated experiences designed to showcase the best of the region.

3.4.1 Exclusive Wine Tours

Experience Napa Valley’s world-class wineries with our exclusive wine tours. Our expert guides will take you to some of the most prestigious and unique wineries in the region.

3.4.2 Gourmet Dining Experiences

Indulge in Napa Valley’s culinary scene with our gourmet dining experiences. We’ll make reservations at some of the region’s top restaurants, where you can savor innovative cuisine paired with exquisite wines.

3.4.3 Luxurious Accommodations

Relax and unwind in some of Napa Valley’s most luxurious accommodations. We offer a range of options, from boutique hotels to lavish resorts.

3.4.4 Hot Air Balloon Rides

Take in the breathtaking views of Napa Valley from above with a hot air balloon ride. It’s a truly unforgettable experience.

3.5 Overcoming Challenges in Napa Valley Travel Planning

Planning a trip to Napa Valley can come with its own set of challenges. Here’s how TRAVELS.EDU.VN can help you overcome them.

3.5.1 Budget Constraints

Napa Valley is known for being an expensive destination, but there are ways to make it more affordable. TRAVELS.EDU.VN can help you find budget-friendly accommodations, activities, and dining options.

3.5.2 Transportation Difficulties

Navigating Napa Valley without a car can be challenging. TRAVELS.EDU.VN can arrange for private transportation or recommend shuttle services.

3.5.3 Language Barriers

If you’re not fluent in English, TRAVELS.EDU.VN can provide assistance with translation and interpretation.

3.5.4 Limited Time

If you have limited time, TRAVELS.EDU.VN can help you create an efficient itinerary that maximizes your experience.

3.6 Call to Action: Start Planning Your Napa Valley Adventure Today

Ready to experience the beauty and luxury of Napa Valley? Contact TRAVELS.EDU.VN today to start planning your dream trip. Our expert travel consultants are ready to assist you with every detail, from flights and accommodations to tours and activities.

3.6.1 How to Contact Us

  • Address: 123 Main St, Napa, CA 94559, United States
  • Whatsapp: +1 (707) 257-5400
  • Website: TRAVELS.EDU.VN

Don’t wait any longer. Your Napa Valley adventure awaits!

Alt: Lush Napa Valley vineyards under a sunny sky, showcasing the beauty and serenity of wine country. Includes rolling hills, grape vines, and clear blue sky.

4. Detailed Breakdown: Travel Tax from the Philippines

Let’s delve deeper into the Philippine Travel Tax, providing a comprehensive overview to ensure you’re well-informed.

4.1 Who Exactly is Required to Pay the Travel Tax?

As mentioned earlier, the Philippine Travel Tax primarily targets Filipino citizens and permanent resident aliens traveling abroad. It’s a source of revenue for the government, specifically earmarked for tourism development projects. The specifics are crucial for you to determine if it applies to you.

4.2 Rates: A Detailed Look

The exact amount of the travel tax depends on several factors:

  • Class of Travel: As mentioned previously, first-class passengers pay a higher rate compared to those in economy.
  • Destination: The standard rate usually applies to most international destinations, including the USA.
  • Eligibility for Reduced Rates: Certain groups, such as dependents of OFWs or Balikbayans, may qualify for reduced rates.

Here’s a summary table:

Category Rate (PHP) Rate (USD – Approximate)
First Class 2,700 48
Economy Class 1,620 29
Dependents of OFWs 810 14.50
Balikbayans (subject to specific conditions) Varies Varies

Please note that these rates are approximate and subject to change. Always verify the current rates with TIEZA or your airline.

4.3 Common Misconceptions About Travel Tax

Many travelers are often confused about the travel tax. Let’s clear up some common misconceptions:

  • Misconception 1: Foreign Tourists are Always Exempt: While tourists are often exempt, those who have stayed in the Philippines for more than a year may be required to pay.
  • Misconception 2: Only Filipinos Pay: Permanent resident aliens are also required to pay.
  • Misconception 3: The Tax is Optional: If you are required to pay, it’s mandatory. Failure to pay can result in you being denied departure.

4.4 Documentary Requirements for Exemptions and Reduced Rates

To avail of exemptions or reduced rates, you must provide specific documents:

  • OFW Dependents: Valid OFW dependent ID.
  • Balikbayans: Passport, proof of previous Philippine citizenship, and other supporting documents.
  • Government Employees on Official Business: Official travel order.
  • Diplomats: Diplomatic ID.

Always check the latest requirements on the TIEZA website or with your travel agent.

4.5 How to Avoid Travel Tax Payment Problems

To ensure a smooth departure, follow these tips:

  • Check Your Eligibility: Determine if you are required to pay the travel tax.
  • Prepare Documents in Advance: If you’re eligible for an exemption or reduced rate, gather all necessary documents well before your trip.
  • Pay Online: Consider paying online to avoid queues at the airport.
  • Arrive Early: Allow ample time at the airport to handle any potential issues.

4.6 Understanding TIEZA’s Role

TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority) is the government agency responsible for collecting the travel tax and utilizing the funds for tourism development. Their official website (https://tieza.gov.ph) is a valuable resource for information about the travel tax.

Alt: Official logo of the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA), promoting tourism and infrastructure development.

5. Planning Your US Trip: Beyond the Travel Tax

Once you’ve addressed the Philippine Travel Tax, it’s time to focus on the specifics of your trip to the USA.

5.1 Visa Requirements

Ensure you have the necessary visa to enter the United States. Filipinos typically need a visa for tourism or business purposes. Apply well in advance of your travel dates, as processing times can vary.

5.2 US Customs and Border Protection

Be prepared for US Customs and Border Protection procedures upon arrival. Declare all items you are bringing into the country and be truthful about the purpose of your visit.

5.3 Health and Safety

Check the latest health advisories and recommendations from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) before your trip. Ensure you have any necessary vaccinations and travel insurance.

5.4 Transportation Options in the USA

The USA is a vast country, so plan your transportation carefully. Options include:

  • Flights: For long distances.
  • Car Rentals: Ideal for exploring regions like California.
  • Trains: Amtrak offers train service across the country.
  • Buses: Greyhound and other bus companies provide affordable transportation.

5.5 Accommodation Choices

The USA offers a wide range of accommodation options:

  • Hotels: From budget-friendly to luxurious.
  • Motels: A more affordable option, often found along highways.
  • Vacation Rentals: Platforms like Airbnb offer apartments and houses.

5.6 Currency and Payment Methods

The currency in the USA is the US dollar (USD). Credit cards are widely accepted, but it’s always a good idea to carry some cash.

5.7 Cultural Considerations

The USA is a diverse country with varying customs and etiquette. Be respectful of local cultures and traditions.

Alt: The iconic Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, symbolizing American ingenuity and travel destinations.

6. Discovering Napa Valley: A Detailed Guide

Now, let’s dive deep into what makes Napa Valley a premier travel destination.

6.1 Napa Valley’s Geography and Climate

Napa Valley is located in Northern California, approximately 50 miles north of San Francisco. The valley enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate is ideal for grape growing, making Napa Valley one of the world’s leading wine regions.

6.2 Wine Regions Within Napa Valley

Napa Valley is divided into several distinct appellations, each with its own unique characteristics:

  • Napa: The largest appellation, known for its diverse range of wines.
  • Yountville: Home to some of the valley’s most famous restaurants and wineries.
  • Oakville: Famous for its Cabernet Sauvignon wines.
  • Rutherford: Known for its “Rutherford Dust,” a unique soil composition that imparts a distinct flavor to the wines.
  • St. Helena: A charming town with a rich history and excellent wineries.
  • Calistoga: Located at the northern end of the valley, known for its hot springs and spas.

6.3 Top Wineries to Visit

Napa Valley is home to hundreds of wineries, each offering its own unique experience. Here are some of the top wineries to visit:

  • Robert Mondavi Winery: An iconic winery with a focus on education and sustainability.
  • Domaine Carneros: Known for its sparkling wines and stunning chateau.
  • Castello di Amorosa: A medieval-style castle winery with a fascinating history.
  • Opus One: A prestigious winery known for its Bordeaux-style blend.
  • Sterling Vineyards: Offers panoramic views of Napa Valley and a unique aerial tram ride.

6.4 Beyond Wine: Other Activities in Napa Valley

While wine is the main attraction, Napa Valley offers a variety of other activities:

  • Gourmet Dining: Napa Valley is a culinary paradise, with Michelin-starred restaurants and farm-to-table eateries.
  • Hot Air Balloon Rides: Take in the stunning views from above.
  • Spas and Wellness Centers: Relax and rejuvenate with spa treatments and wellness activities.
  • Hiking and Biking: Explore the scenic trails and countryside.
  • Art Galleries and Museums: Discover local art and history.

6.5 Accommodation Options: From Boutique Hotels to Luxury Resorts

Napa Valley offers a range of accommodation options to suit every taste and budget:

  • Boutique Hotels: Charming and intimate properties with personalized service.
  • Luxury Resorts: Offering world-class amenities and stunning views.
  • Bed and Breakfasts: Cozy and welcoming accommodations with a home-like atmosphere.
  • Vacation Rentals: Apartments and houses offering more space and privacy.

Alt: A group of people enjoying a wine tasting session at a Napa Valley winery, showcasing the region’s wine culture.

7. The Napa Valley Experience: A Taste of Luxury

Let’s explore the luxurious side of Napa Valley and what makes it a truly unforgettable destination.

7.1 Luxury Accommodations: Where to Stay in Style

Napa Valley is renowned for its luxury accommodations, offering unparalleled comfort and service.

  • Auberge du Soleil: A luxurious resort with stunning views and Michelin-starred dining.
  • Meadowood Napa Valley: A private resort with a golf course, spa, and fine dining.
  • The Carneros Resort and Spa: A stylish resort with cottages, pools, and a spa.
  • Solage Calistoga: A modern resort with hot springs, mud baths, and a Michelin-starred restaurant.

7.2 Gourmet Dining: A Culinary Paradise

Napa Valley is a food lover’s dream, with a concentration of Michelin-starred restaurants and farm-to-table eateries.

  • The French Laundry: A legendary three-Michelin-starred restaurant offering a tasting menu of exquisite dishes.
  • Restaurant at Meadowood: A three-Michelin-starred restaurant with a focus on seasonal and local ingredients.
  • Auberge du Soleil Restaurant: A Michelin-starred restaurant with stunning views and French-inspired cuisine.
  • Bottega Napa Valley: Chef Michael Chiarello’s restaurant serving authentic Italian cuisine.

7.3 Exclusive Wine Tours: Accessing the Best Vineyards

Experience Napa Valley’s top wineries with exclusive tours that offer behind-the-scenes access and personalized attention.

  • Private Wine Tours: Customized tours tailored to your interests and preferences.
  • VIP Tastings: Enjoy exclusive tastings of rare and limited-production wines.
  • Meet the Winemaker: Get the chance to meet and learn from the winemakers themselves.

7.4 Wellness and Relaxation: Spas and Hot Springs

Napa Valley is a haven for wellness and relaxation, with numerous spas and hot springs offering a range of treatments.

  • Indian Springs Resort: Known for its geothermal geysers and mud baths.
  • Solage Calistoga Spa: Offering mud baths, massages, and other treatments.
  • Health Spa Napa Valley: A holistic wellness center with a focus on health and fitness.

7.5 Shopping: Unique Boutiques and Art Galleries

Napa Valley offers a unique shopping experience, with a variety of boutiques, art galleries, and specialty stores.

  • Downtown Napa: Explore the shops and galleries in the historic downtown area.
  • Yountville: Browse the upscale boutiques and art galleries in this charming town.
  • St. Helena: Discover the unique shops and art galleries in St. Helena.

8. Ensuring a Smooth Trip: Tips and Advice

To ensure your trip to Napa Valley is as smooth and enjoyable as possible, here are some additional tips and advice.

8.1 Booking in Advance: Essential for Popular Attractions

Booking in advance is highly recommended, especially during the peak season. This includes flights, accommodations, wine tours, and restaurant reservations.

8.2 Renting a Car: The Best Way to Explore

Renting a car is the best way to explore Napa Valley, as it allows you to visit wineries and attractions at your own pace.

8.3 Understanding Wine Tasting Etiquette

If you’re new to wine tasting, it’s helpful to understand some basic etiquette:

  • Hold the glass by the stem: To avoid warming the wine.
  • Swirl the wine: To release its aromas.
  • Sniff the wine: To identify its aromas.
  • Take a small sip: To taste the wine.
  • Spit or swallow: It’s acceptable to spit the wine into a spittoon, especially if you’re tasting multiple wines.

8.4 Dressing Appropriately

Napa Valley is a casual but stylish destination. Dress comfortably but avoid overly casual attire, especially at upscale restaurants and wineries.

8.5 Staying Hydrated and Sun-Protected

Napa Valley can be hot and sunny, so it’s important to stay hydrated and protect yourself from the sun. Drink plenty of water, wear sunscreen, and wear a hat.

8.6 Being Respectful of the Environment

Napa Valley is a beautiful and fragile environment, so it’s important to be respectful of the land. Avoid littering, stay on marked trails, and support sustainable practices.

9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Philippine Travel Tax and Napa Valley Travel

Here are some frequently asked questions to help you plan your trip:

  1. What is the Philippine Travel Tax? The Philippine Travel Tax is a fee levied by the Philippine government on citizens and residents traveling internationally.
  2. Who is required to pay the Philippine Travel Tax? Filipino citizens, permanent resident aliens, and foreign tourists who have stayed in the Philippines for more than one year.
  3. How much is the travel tax from the Philippines to the USA? It’s PHP 2,700 (approximately $48 USD) for First Class and PHP 1,620 (approximately $29 USD) for Economy Class.
  4. Are there any exemptions from the Philippine Travel Tax? Yes, infants, government employees on official business, diplomats, and airline crew members are exempt.
  5. How can I pay the Philippine Travel Tax? You can pay online through the TIEZA website or at the airport before departure.
  6. What is TIEZA? TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority) is the government agency responsible for collecting the travel tax.
  7. What are the best months to visit Napa Valley? The best months are typically from May to October, during the peak season.
  8. How do I get around Napa Valley? Renting a car is the best way to explore Napa Valley.
  9. What are some of the top wineries to visit in Napa Valley? Robert Mondavi Winery, Domaine Carneros, Castello di Amorosa, and Opus One.
  10. What are some other activities to do in Napa Valley besides wine tasting? Gourmet dining, hot air balloon rides, spa treatments, hiking, and art galleries.

10. Why TRAVELS.EDU.VN is Your Best Choice for Napa Valley Travel

When planning your trip from the Philippines to Napa Valley, choosing the right travel partner can make all the difference. Here’s why TRAVELS.EDU.VN is the ideal choice for creating an unforgettable travel experience.

10.1 Personalized Service

TRAVELS.EDU.VN understands that every traveler is unique, and we tailor our services to meet your specific needs and preferences. From creating customized itineraries to providing personalized recommendations, we go the extra mile to ensure your trip is perfect.

10.2 Expertise and Knowledge

Our team of travel experts has extensive knowledge of Napa Valley and can provide insider tips and recommendations that you won’t find anywhere else. We stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in the region to ensure you have the best possible experience.

10.3 Exclusive Access

TRAVELS.EDU.VN has established relationships with some of the top wineries, restaurants, and hotels in Napa Valley, giving you access to exclusive experiences and perks that are not available to the general public.

10.4 Hassle-Free Planning

We take care of all the details, from flights and accommodations to transportation and activities, so you can relax and enjoy your trip without any stress. Our goal is to make your travel planning as seamless and hassle-free as possible.

10.5 Customer Support

Our dedicated customer support team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns you may have before, during, or after your trip. We are committed to providing exceptional service and ensuring your satisfaction.

10.6 Proven Track Record

TRAVELS.EDU.VN has a proven track record of creating unforgettable travel experiences for our clients. We have received numerous accolades and positive reviews for our commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction.

10.7 Value for Money

We offer competitive prices and a range of packages to suit every budget. Our goal is to provide you with the best possible value for your money.

10.8 Ethical and Sustainable Practices

TRAVELS.EDU.VN is committed to ethical and sustainable tourism practices. We support local businesses and initiatives that promote environmental conservation and community development.

10.9 Peace of Mind

When you book with TRAVELS.EDU.VN, you can have peace of mind knowing that you are in good hands. We are a reputable and reliable travel company with a commitment to providing exceptional service and ensuring your safety and well-being.

10.10 Creating Memories

At TRAVELS.EDU.VN, we believe that travel is about more than just visiting new places. It’s about creating memories that will last a lifetime. We are passionate about helping our clients experience the best that Napa Valley has to offer and creating unforgettable travel experiences.

So, if you’re planning a trip from the Philippines to Napa Valley, choose TRAVELS.EDU.VN as your travel partner. We’ll take care of all the details so you can relax and enjoy the journey. Contact us today to start planning your dream trip.

Alt: A breathtaking sunset over Napa Valley’s vineyards, creating a serene and magical atmosphere for travel and wine lovers.

Ready to embark on your Napa Valley adventure? Contact TRAVELS.EDU.VN now!

  • Address: 123 Main St, Napa, CA 94559, United States
  • Whatsapp: +1 (707) 257-5400
  • Website: travels.edu.vn

Your unforgettable Napa Valley experience awaits. Let us make it a reality.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *