Understanding the Risk Levels in Cuba
Before planning your trip to Cuba, it’s crucial to understand the current travel advisory. The safety and security landscape can vary across the island. Here’s a breakdown of the risk levels in different areas:
Exercise a High Degree of Caution in Cuba
The general travel advisory for Cuba is to exercise a high degree of caution. This is primarily due to the ongoing shortages of basic necessities, which include food, medicine, and fuel throughout the country. These shortages can impact your travel experience and require careful planning and preparation.
Take Normal Security Precautions in Jardines del Rey Archipelago
For specific areas like the Archipelago of Jardines del Rey, which includes popular tourist destinations such as Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo, Cayo Paredon Grande, and Cayo Santa Maria, the advisory is to take normal security precautions. This suggests a lower level of risk compared to the general advisory for Cuba.
Take Normal Security Precautions in Resort Areas
Similarly, Cuban resort areas like Cayo Largo del Sur, Guardalavaca coastline (between Playa Pesquero and Playa Bani), Jibacoa, Marea del Portillo, Playa Ancon, Playa Santa Lucia, and Varadero Peninsula are also advised to take normal security precautions. These areas are generally considered safer for tourists.
Safety and Security Concerns in Cuba
While some areas are deemed relatively safe, it’s important to be aware of the broader safety and security concerns throughout Cuba.
Nationwide Power Outages
Cuba has been experiencing nationwide power outages since October 18, 2024, highlighting the vulnerability of the electrical system. These outages can occur suddenly and may persist in some areas, with scheduled power cuts also common as a measure to conserve power. While major hotels and resorts often utilize generators, their services might be affected during extended power outages.
Precautions:
- Stay informed by monitoring local media for updates on power outages.
- Keep your mobile phone charged whenever possible.
- Develop contingency plans in case of power disruptions affecting your accommodation or transportation.
Crime in Cuba
Petty Crime
Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, is a concern, particularly in crowded tourist hotspots. These incidents are more frequent in:
- Tourist areas and popular attractions
- Markets and shopping districts
- Public transportation, especially buses
- Nightclubs and entertainment venues
- Beaches and waterfront areas
Petty theft can also occur in more secluded or less populated locations. Theft from hotel rooms, especially in casas particulares (private accommodations), and vehicles is also reported.
Precautions:
- Secure your personal belongings, including passports and travel documents, at all times.
- Avoid packing valuable items in checked luggage.
- Refrain from displaying signs of wealth or affluence.
- Keep electronic devices discreet and out of sight when not in use.
- Carry valid photo identification with you.
- Maintain both digital and hard copies of your ID and travel documents separately.
- Avoid carrying large amounts of cash; use cards where possible and be discreet when handling money.
- Never leave belongings unattended in vehicles, even in locked trunks.
Violent Crime
While less frequent than petty crime, violent crime incidents, including assaults, can occur in Cuba. These are more likely to happen during burglaries or robberies.
Precautions:
- Choose accommodations with robust security measures.
- Ensure windows and doors are always locked in your accommodation.
- If confronted by robbers, do not resist and prioritize your safety.
Financial Fraud and Scams
Credit Card and ATM Fraud
Credit card and ATM fraud is a risk in Cuba. Exercise caution when using your debit or credit cards.
Precautions:
- Pay close attention whenever your cards are being handled by vendors or staff.
- Use ATMs located in well-lit, public areas or within banks or reputable businesses.
- Avoid using ATMs that appear tampered with or have suspicious attachments.
- Shield the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN at ATMs and point-of-sale terminals.
- Regularly monitor your account statements for any unauthorized transactions.
Overcharging
Some businesses, especially taxis and classic car rentals, may attempt to overcharge tourists. Disputes over inflated prices can sometimes escalate to violence.
Precautions:
- Always confirm and agree upon prices before consuming services or goods.
- Avoid running tabs at bars or restaurants.
- Do not leave your credit card with bar or restaurant staff as a deposit.
- Carefully review your bills to ensure accuracy and dispute any discrepancies immediately and calmly.
Tourist Scams
Be aware of scams targeting tourists. Hustlers, often speaking some English or French, may appear overly friendly and offer unsolicited services like tour guides or assistance in purchasing cigars. Some have resorted to violence to rob tourists. Fraudulent tour agents and taxi drivers are also active, including at Havana’s José Martí International Airport. Luggage theft from taxi trunks has been reported.
Precautions:
- Book tours through reputable operators and use only officially registered taxis.
- Avoid engaging with independent street vendors or individuals offering services on the street.
- Be wary of overly friendly strangers offering assistance or deals that seem too good to be true.
Sex Worker Encounters and Associated Risks
In bars and tourist areas, sex workers, including minors, may be persistent. Foreigners, including travelers from English-speaking countries, have been victims of theft and scams after engaging in sexual relations. There have also been instances of foreigners facing child sex accusations.
Precautions:
- Be aware of the risks associated with engaging with sex workers, including the potential for theft and legal repercussions.
- Exercise caution and be firm if you are not interested in unwanted advances.
Shortages of Basic Necessities
Cuba is currently experiencing chronic and severe shortages of essential items. These shortages significantly impact daily life and travel experiences. Critical shortages include:
- Food supplies
- Bottled water
- Public water supply
- Medications and medical supplies
- Fuel, particularly gasoline and diesel
- Hard currency
Fuel shortages are particularly acute, disrupting transportation and various services across the island. Traveling around Cuba is extremely challenging. Public transportation, including taxis, is frequently unreliable, leaving tourists with limited travel options. Some travelers have experienced being stranded with rental cars due to fuel unavailability. Intermittent tap water shortages occur even in major cities like Havana and resort areas. Power outages can disrupt services in hotels, even those with generators, potentially affecting air conditioning and hot water. Access to adequate food and medication can also be problematic. Long lines at gas stations can lead to confrontations and altercations.
Precautions:
- Plan for potential disruptions and shortages.
- Bring essential supplies with you, including toiletries, medications, and non-perishable snacks.
- Maintain a reserve of bottled water, food, and fuel if possible, considering the limitations on fuel availability.
- Ensure you have a comprehensive emergency kit readily accessible.
- Be prepared for challenges in obtaining services and information during power outages.
Women’s Safety
Women traveling alone may experience some forms of sexual harassment. Incidents of sexual assault against female travelers have been reported, including in resort areas.
Recommendations for Women Travelers:
- Be particularly vigilant and aware of your surroundings.
- Avoid walking alone at night, especially in poorly lit or isolated areas.
- Trust your instincts and remove yourself from situations that feel uncomfortable.
- If you are a victim of sexual assault, report it immediately to the nearest embassy or consulate and seek medical assistance.
- Report the incident to Cuban authorities and ensure you obtain a Comprobante de Denuncia (police report confirmation). Note that criminal investigations may be difficult to pursue without a formal complaint filed with Cuban authorities before leaving the country. Be aware that police officers may primarily speak Spanish.
Spiked Food and Drinks
Be aware that snacks, beverages, gum, and cigarettes could potentially be laced with drugs, increasing the risk of sexual assault and robbery.
Precautions:
- Be extremely cautious about accepting food or drinks from new acquaintances.
- Never leave your food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers.
Telecommunications Challenges
Telecommunications infrastructure in Cuba is unreliable. Connections can be intermittent, and network quality is generally poor. Some mobile phones from English-speaking countries may not function, even in major cities. Internet access remains limited across the island. Cuban authorities monitor and control telecommunications and may restrict access to mobile and internet services during civil unrest or demonstrations.
Precautions:
- Do not rely on your mobile phone for emergencies, especially outside major urban areas.
- Consider subscribing to and installing a VPN service before arriving in Cuba to enhance online security and access.
- Avoid traveling alone if possible, and keep someone informed of your itinerary.
Online Transaction Risks
Online banking and shopping may be difficult or impossible in Cuba. Most Cuban websites lack security, and many are inaccessible. Some travelers booking online travel packages to Cuba have arrived to find their hotel reservations were not confirmed or paid.
Precautions:
- Plan to handle financial transactions offline and in person whenever possible.
- Avoid online shopping or banking while in Cuba.
- If booking accommodations online, directly confirm your reservation and payment with the hotel in advance.
Demonstrations and Civil Unrest
Demonstrations, though participation may be illegal, sometimes occur. Cuban authorities are known to disperse political demonstrations and unsanctioned gatherings. They may also block internet access, including social media, without prior notice. Even peaceful demonstrations can become violent, potentially disrupting traffic and public transportation.
Precautions:
- Avoid participating in any demonstrations or protests.
- Stay away from areas where demonstrations or large gatherings are taking place.
- Follow instructions from local authorities.
- Monitor local media for updates on any ongoing demonstrations or civil unrest.
Water Activity Safety
Swimming Risks
Rescue services in Cuba may not meet international standards. Strong currents and riptides are common due to tidal changes. Lifeguards and warning flags are not consistently present at all beaches.
Precautions:
- Never swim alone or after dark.
- Swim only in designated and marked safe swimming areas.
- Pay attention to weather warnings and avoid beaches during severe weather.
- Do not dive into unknown waters due to the risk of hidden rocks or shallow depths.
- Seek advice from locals and tour operators regarding potential hazards and safe swimming locations.
- Always heed the instructions of local authorities regarding water safety.
Diving Safety
Tour operators and diving centers in Cuba may not adhere to international safety standards.
Precautions for Diving and Adventure Sports:
- Choose reputable companies with proper insurance.
- Verify that your travel insurance covers the specific recreational activities you plan to undertake.
- Do not use equipment if you have any concerns about its safety or condition.
Recreational Boating Safety
Precautions for Boating Activities:
- Familiarize yourself with navigation rules and boating safety guidelines.
- Ensure life jackets are available and worn by all passengers.
- Practice safe operation of watercraft, including jet skis, water skis, and fishing boats.
- Do not exceed the boat’s capacity.
- Carry a VHF marine radio for emergency communication and location reporting.
- Be prepared for potential emergencies while boating.
Road Safety Concerns
Road safety standards in Cuba are poor throughout the country. Fatal traffic accidents are common.
Road Conditions
Road conditions are generally poor across Cuba, except for the Central Highway. Driving hazards include:
- Poorly maintained roads with potholes and uneven surfaces
- Lack of adequate road signage
- Insufficient street lighting, especially at night
- Roaming livestock on roadways
- Slow-moving horse-drawn carts and bicycles
- Pedestrians walking along roads
- Slow-moving and poorly maintained vehicles
Many vehicles in Cuba are old and lack standard safety features. Some cars and most bicycles may not have functioning lights.
Driving Habits
Some drivers in Cuba do not adhere to traffic laws. The increasing number of electric vehicles, which do not require licenses or registration, are often driven by inexperienced and unqualified individuals. Driving under the influence of alcohol is also prevalent.
Precautions for Driving in Cuba:
- Practice defensive driving techniques at all times.
- Avoid driving at night due to poor visibility and road conditions.
- Travel in groups if possible to enhance safety.
- Never pick up hitchhikers, as there have been reports of assaults on drivers by hitchhikers.
Public Transportation Challenges
Buses
City buses are often overcrowded, poorly maintained, and unreliable. Pickpocketing incidents are common on public buses. Tourist bus services between airports and all-inclusive resorts, and buses used for organized hotel day trips, are generally in better condition.
Taxis
Official taxis are generally considered reliable. However, older, private vehicles operating as taxis may lack safety features and passenger insurance.
Precautions for Taxi Use:
- Use only registered and official taxis.
- Avoid hailing taxis on the street; opt for taxi stands or hotel taxi services.
- Do not share taxis with strangers.
- Agree on the fare with the driver before starting your journey, as taxis may not have working meters.
Trains
The rail network in Cuba is extensive but unreliable, slow, and primarily for Cuban nationals. Train service is generally not available for tourists.
Air Travel Considerations
Assessments regarding the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards are not conducted by our agency. Travelers should be aware of this when considering domestic air travel within Cuba.
Entry and Exit Requirements for Cuba
Entry and exit requirements are determined by Cuban authorities and are subject to change. It’s your responsibility to ensure you meet these requirements.
Passport Validity
Your passport must be valid for the duration of your intended stay in Cuba. Check with your transportation provider, as they may have stricter passport validity rules than Cuban entry requirements.
Visas and Tourist Cards
A tourist visa, known as a tourist card, is required for Canadian tourists. This card typically allows stays of up to 90 days. Tourist cards are often included in holiday packages from tour operators or airlines offering direct flights from Canada. If traveling independently or transiting through another country, you must obtain a tourist card from a Cuban government office or purchase it at select airports in Canada or the United States.
Length of Stay
Canadian tourists can stay in Cuba for up to 6 months. However, for stays longer than the initial 90 days allowed by the standard tourist card, an extension of stay must be obtained.
Arrival Form (D’Viajeros)
Within 72 hours before entering Cuba, you are required to complete an online arrival form providing necessary information. Upon completion, you will receive a QR code via email. Present an electronic or printed version of this QR code to Cuban authorities upon arrival.
Health Insurance Requirement
Proof of valid health insurance is mandatory for entry into Cuba. Most health insurance policies are accepted, except those issued by U.S. insurance companies. However, Cuban immigration authorities have the final decision on acceptable proof of insurance. Acceptable forms of proof may include insurance policies, certificates, or Canadian provincial health insurance cards. If you cannot provide acceptable proof, you may be required to purchase health insurance from a Cuban insurance company upon arrival, which may have limited coverage. Refusal of entry is possible if you do not meet the health insurance requirements. Note that Canadian provincial health care provides limited coverage outside Canada and typically does not cover upfront medical bills or air evacuation. Cuban health insurance also typically does not include air evacuation. Cuban authorities will not allow you to leave the country with outstanding medical bills, which must be paid by credit card.
Recommendations:
- Purchase comprehensive travel health insurance that includes medical evacuation and hospital stay coverage.
Other Entry Requirements
Cuban customs officials may request to see:
- A return or onward travel ticket.
- Proof of sufficient funds to cover your stay in Cuba.
- Proof of accommodation if arriving on “air only” tickets.
Dual Citizenship Considerations
If you hold both Canadian and Cuban citizenship:
- You must present your valid Cuban passport to Cuban immigration authorities upon entry to Cuba.
- You must have a valid Canadian passport to return to Canada.
If you were born in Cuba, contact a Cuban government office in Canada before traveling to ensure compliance with Cuban regulations, regardless of your current citizenship, to avoid potential entry refusal or detention.
Canadian Permanent Residents
Canadian permanent residents without a valid permanent resident card may not be able to depart Cuba. If your card is lost or stolen, contact the Canadian Embassy in Havana for a travel document, which can take up to 10 working days to process.
Health Screening Upon Arrival
You may be subject to medical screening or questioning by public health authorities upon entering or leaving Cuba, or when checking in for domestic flights. Mandatory quarantine of up to 7 days may be imposed if authorities suspect you have symptoms of a serious illness (e.g., COVID-19, Dengue, Ebola, H1N1, Zika), have been in contact with a suspected carrier, or are arriving from a country with a known epidemic.
Traveling with Children
Consult resources on traveling with children for specific considerations.
Yellow Fever Entry Requirements
There are no yellow fever vaccination entry requirements for Cuba.
Health Recommendations for Cuba
Travel Health Notices
This section provides information on potential health risks and ongoing health concerns in Cuba. Consult a health professional or travel health clinic ideally 6 weeks before your trip for personalized health advice.
Routine Vaccinations
Ensure your routine vaccinations are up-to-date, including measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), and influenza, as per your local health guidelines.
Recommended Pre-Travel Vaccines and Medications
Discuss with a travel health professional which vaccines or medications are recommended for your trip to Cuba, based on your itinerary and health status.
- Hepatitis A: Vaccination is recommended for all travelers to Cuba due to the risk of hepatitis A from contaminated food and water.
- Measles: Ensure you are protected against measles.
- Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travelers, particularly those at higher risk of exposure to blood or bodily fluids.
- Influenza: Get your annual flu shot at least 2 weeks before travel.
- Rabies: Discuss rabies vaccination with a health professional, especially if you plan activities with potential animal exposure.
- COVID-19: Ensure you are up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccinations and boosters as recommended.
Safe Food and Water Practices
Practice strict safe food and water precautions to prevent illnesses.
- Water Safety: Drink bottled water, or boil water for at least one minute before consumption. Avoid ice cubes unless made from purified water.
- Food Safety: Eat thoroughly cooked food that is served hot. Avoid raw or undercooked meats, seafood, and unpasteurized dairy products. Peel fruits and vegetables yourself.
- Traveler’s Diarrhea: Carry oral rehydration salts and be prepared to manage traveler’s diarrhea.
- Typhoid: Consider typhoid vaccination, especially if traveling to rural areas or for extended periods.
- Salmonellosis: Practice safe food handling to prevent salmonellosis.
Insect Bite Prevention
Protect yourself from insect bites to prevent diseases like Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika virus, and Oropouche virus disease, which are present in Cuba.
- Use insect repellent on exposed skin.
- Wear light-colored, loose, long-sleeved clothing.
- Minimize time spent outdoors during peak mosquito hours (dawn and dusk for Dengue, daytime for Chikungunya and Zika).
- Use mosquito netting when sleeping in non-air-conditioned or unscreened accommodations.
Animal Precautions
Avoid contact with animals to prevent rabies and other animal-borne diseases.
Person-to-Person Infections
Practice good hygiene to prevent person-to-person infections.
- Wash hands frequently.
- Practice cough and sneeze etiquette.
- Consider the mpox vaccine, and practice safe sex to prevent STIs and HIV.
Medical Services and Facilities
Medical facilities in Cuba have limitations. Good healthcare is not readily available. Facilities often lack basic supplies and medications. Medical professionals are generally well-trained, but facilities are often in poor condition. Hotels and international clinics in resort areas offer better, but still limited, medical care for tourists. Mental health care facilities are extremely limited. Emergency and ambulance services are also limited, with slow response times, especially outside tourist zones.
Recommendations:
- Ensure you have comprehensive travel health insurance that includes medical evacuation and hospital stays.
- Pack a travel health kit with essential medications and supplies.
Medication Availability
Many prescription medications may not be readily available in Cuba.
Recommendations:
- Bring an adequate supply of all necessary prescription and over-the-counter medications in their original containers.
- Carry both paper and electronic copies of your prescriptions.
- Pack medications in your carry-on luggage to avoid loss or delays.
Fumigation
Public health authorities conduct periodic fumigation for insect control. Consult your doctor if you have respiratory conditions and take precautions to avoid direct exposure during fumigation.
Death Abroad
Mortuary services in Cuba differ from those in English-speaking countries. Autopsies are mandatory in case of death. Repatriation of remains can be lengthy and expensive. Ensure your travel insurance includes repatriation of remains coverage.
Laws and Culture in Cuba
Respect local laws and customs in Cuba.
Legal System and Justice
The Cuban legal system differs significantly from those in English-speaking countries. Be aware that investigations may be lengthy, and you may be detained during the investigation period. Cuba has the death penalty, though it is currently under moratorium.
Investment and Property Rights
Private property rights are restricted in Cuba. Foreigners cannot typically purchase property. Be cautious about investment offers and seek legal counsel before making any commitments.
Drug Laws
Penalties for drug offenses are severe, including lengthy prison sentences. Be vigilant with your luggage and avoid transporting packages for others.
Child Sex Tourism is Illegal
Child sex tourism is a serious crime with severe penalties in Cuba. Cuban authorities actively combat it, and tourists have been convicted of offenses related to minors.
Marriage in Cuba
Specific documentation is required for marriage in Cuba. Consult the Cuban embassy or consulate for detailed requirements if you plan to marry in Cuba.
Drone Restrictions
Drones are prohibited in Cuba and will be confiscated upon arrival.
Photography Restrictions
Professional photographers require visas and permits. Photographing military or police installations, harbor, rail, and airport facilities is forbidden.
Identification Requirements
Carry valid photo identification at all times, and keep a photocopy of your passport separate from the original.
Dual Citizenship Issues
Dual citizenship is not fully recognized by Cuba. Cuban authorities may not grant access to consular services if they consider you a Cuban citizen.
International Child Abduction
The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction does not apply between Canada and Cuba. Seek legal advice immediately if concerned about child abduction.
Import and Export Regulations
- Personal Effects: Tourists can bring personal effects, but items for donation may be subject to import rules and tariffs.
- Cigars: Limits exist on exporting Cuban cigars without proper documentation.
- Art Objects: Export permits are required for art objects.
- Electronic Devices: Devices with GPS may be temporarily confiscated. Satellite phones are prohibited.
- Electronic Cigarettes and Vaporizers: These are prohibited and will be confiscated.
- Black Market: Avoid black market transactions, which are illegal.
Boat Traffic Regulations
Be aware of U.S. regulations regarding boat traffic to Cuba if traveling by boat from or through the U.S.
Driving Regulations
An international driving permit is recommended.
Traffic Accident Consequences
Traffic accidents resulting in injury or death are treated seriously and can lead to arrest and detention. Drivers are presumed responsible unless proven innocent. Prison sentences can be lengthy. If involved in an accident, do not leave the scene, do not move your vehicle, and call the police. Car insurance for foreign drivers is mandatory, but compensation from uninsured Cuban drivers is unlikely.
Vehicle Rentals
Rental car insurance in Cuba has specific conditions. Rental agencies are government-controlled and may nullify coverage if you are at fault in an accident, holding you liable for damages. You may be prevented from leaving Cuba until claims are settled. Be cautious when renting vehicles, and avoid renting scooters due to theft risks. Obtain a receipt when returning a rental vehicle.
Currency and Money Matters
The Cuban currency is the Cuban Peso (CUP). U.S.-affiliated credit cards are not accepted. Canadian credit cards are increasingly accepted but can be unreliable. ATMs are scarce and unreliable. Cash is essential. Exchange Canadian or U.S. dollars or Euros for CUP at official exchange bureaus, banks, or airports. Exchanging money on the street is illegal. You cannot bring more than 5,000 CUP into or out of Cuba.
Natural Disasters and Climate Considerations in Cuba
Hurricane Season
Hurricane season in Cuba runs from mid-May to the end of November. Be prepared for potential travel disruptions and safety risks during this period. Monitor weather forecasts and follow instructions from local authorities.
Rainy Season
The rainy season is from April to October, potentially causing flooding, mudslides, and landslides that can disrupt travel and services.
Earthquakes
Cuba is in an active seismic zone. Earthquakes can occur. Be aware of earthquake safety procedures and monitor local media for updates in the event of an earthquake.
Disclaimer: This Cuba Travel Advisory is for informational purposes and is based on the best available information at the time of writing. Travel advisories and situations can change rapidly. Always consult official government travel advisories for the most up-to-date information before and during your travel to Cuba. Your safety and security are your responsibility. Be prepared and stay informed.
